Closing Down the Oconomo Plant Essay Example for Free

Closing Down the Oconomo Plant EssayThis comprise is important to the society because it has created employment opportunities to local residents. However, the plant is in the verge of shut down. mariner Ripon , Chief Executive officer of Lamprey Inc. is concerned about higher cost of operation which has decreased profit for the company. The plan is to close down the Oconomo plant and establish a new plant in Mexico. Jack wants Jim Malesckowski, President of Wisconsin Speciality Products Division of Lamprey Inc. o find out about the in operation(p) costs of establishing a new plant in Mexico and submit the report to him. Jim thinks that the action to shut down the Oconomo plant might be wrong as long as there were chances to lower the costs.But he also thinks that Jack is right because all the avenues for decreasing costs at the plant ask been closed. Besides money, there are other underlying factors that have led the management to bring round changes in the company. We will look at some of the forces that drive Oconomo plant to anticipate for change,changes that are required to be made, and the reasons why union leaders are reluctant to change. . What forces for change are evident at the Oconomo plant? The neatest force that drives the company to look for change is its high operational cost.The plant has so high operational costs that the company has been incur losses instead of making profits. The management is anticipating changes so that the company will make profits in the future. In ordinate for a company to spend successfully, it should realize some returns from the investment made at the plant. Having invested in the company, shareholders also expect return for their investment.It is important for the company to make enough money for the felicity of shareholders and the existence of the company in the market. By any means, Lamprey Inc. should reduce its operational cost to withstand the fierce competition in the marketplace. For the compaby to make it in the market, it moldiness change its breaking conditions so that they fit with the current market situations, (Daft Marcic,2010). A nonher force that is evident for the change at the Oconomo plant is the uncooperative cranch union. Workers have been consistently refusing to cooperate with the management.The company is planning to reduce the amount of pay its going to provide to workers. In order to decrease the grok cost, the company is proposing changes but the union leaders have turned a deaf ear to the managements plan . Its a great problem when workers are unwilling to listen to the management for possible solution. The situation will get even worse when the workers are not ready to evaluate the desired change of the company. Competition in the marketplace is also prominent force that is evident for change in this case.Lately, competitors have threatened Lamprey Inc. from the function and products that they are providing to the society. It has been a challeng e for the company to manufacture the quality products and beat the competitors price. While the competiton is being fierce in the marketplace, Lamprey Inc. has been attempt to sustain the operations. If the same situation persists, the company would not have a way to exist in the market. 2. What is the primary type of change neededever-changing things or changing the people and culture?Can the Wisconsin plant be saved by changing things alone, by changing people and culture, or must both be changed? Explain your answer. Primary type of change required in this case is changing people and their culture. If people and their attitudes can be changed, work environment will be comfortable and other changes are easy to implement. The attitude of employees especially that of union leaders is not right in the prone case. They are disobedient to the management. As long as employees dont have respect for management, it is hard to bring any other changes.Peoples culture is of great significan ce in the way the company operates because if the culture or people fit in the objectives of the company, rest of things will work accordingly. In changing anything with respect to company, people and culture should be considered at first. If the people working in the company are unhappy with the change, the objectives of change might not be fulfilled. In this particular case, employees are scared of change and in fact dont let management bring any changes. such culture is detrimental to the company.Culture should be established in such a way that people are ready to accept the change and meet the efforts of the management with open heart. Although changing people and their culture is a primary thing, changing things is also important and should be considered for quality and workable plans of the company. Lamprey Inc. postulate to bring some change in the products to save its position in the market. If the products are of low quality, the market share of Lamprey Inc. will be tel l towards the competitors. In this case, the company has not put enough effort to upgrade the quality of the products.If the same situation persists, it will not be able to flavor the competition in the industry because competitors are developing quality products at affordable price. A company cant operate on average a single type of change. Its important to put into consideration both changes when designing any type of change in the company. In order to change the products, the entire team of the company should be ready and thus change is required in people of the company. To meet the objectives of the desired strategy, the company should fulfil consideration on both types of changes.

Characteristics of a good database design

Characteristics of a good entropybase number1. IntroductionThe purpose of this report is to mainly argue about characteristics of a good database radiation pattern and a role design. Main reasons behind writing this report is as part of implementation of Stanwell parish plan the motive for a database application was set by several committees.Our committee is responsible for the design a database for record the runners participated on the annual Fell race. The new wideband internet access facility is helpful in creating these new facilities.A database can be identified as a set of records or files which be logically related. Computer based databases atomic number 18 normally organised as one or multiple number of tables. A table consists of series of rows and columns. relative model is a powerful and commonly used method for organising data. The table design of the database reflects the quality of the database.The principles of normalization need to be considered always when aim a effective database. Objectives of normalization ar follows.Minimising data redundancyMinimising data restructuringMinimising I/O by redesign transaction sizesEnforcing referencing integrity.When designing an effective database following techniques and concepts are important to consider.Identifying an entity as a logical collection of items related to the stated database. And an attri savee is a descriptive or quantitative characteristic of the entity.The physical twin of the entity is a database table and the physical counterpart of the attribute is the column.Primary key is identified as an attribute which identifies each instance of an entity uniquely.The logical link among two entities is the relationship.When the primary key of a parent entity exists in a child entity, it is called as a foreign key.There are two types of relationships, Identifying and non Identifying. Identifying relationships are when primary key of the parent entity exists in the primary key of the child entity. In non identifying relationships primary key of the parent key exists in the child entity but not as a part of primary key of the child entity.To understand the nature of the relationship betwixt the parent and child entities, cardinality is helpful. Four types of cardinalities are 1 to 0 or more 1 to 1 or more 1 to 0 or 1 1 to manyIn designing a tame database ER, EER and Use Case are really useful modelling tools.2. Importance of data modellingData model is a very useful tool in communicating between developers and users of a database. It is also helpful in identifying design issues and other problems before starting the factual design bring. A data model is like a blueprint of a newly constructing building. Builders will newer start building a great(p) look without a proper blueprint. Even though changes are do during the developing process, the basic foundation remains the same.Importance of ER diagrams in the designER diagrams falls into a category of data m odelling.ER diagrams show entities in a database and relationships between tables. This graphical representation helps to understand how the database works with the interactions and dataflow. No matter how large or small the database is, the concepts of entity and relationship are the same.ER diagrams have 3 basic components.EntitiesAttributesRelationshipsFor an example, in the Fell Race database, Race can be identified as an entity and year of the Race can be identified as an attribute. An entity corresponds to a table of the database and attributes corresponds to the columns of that particular table.Most common errors that can happen when designing an ER diagram can be stated as,Missing constrainsMissing keys to any entity typeUnexpressed constrains due to bad designAssociating attributes with wrong immersion typesPutting invalid constrainsMisuse of subclassesUsing foreign keys instead of relationshipsEER Diagrams in modellingEER diagrams are also a similar kind of tool to ER dia grams except for some little differences. It is identified as enhanced model of ER diagrams.EER = ER + hierarchical relationships Hierarchical relationship means relationship between Super class and subclass, the IS A relationship.The next step is transferring the ER diagram or EER diagram into well structured relations. A relational table is made up of one or more data tables or relations. The mapping should be done in a way to avoid data duplication. This is called data redundancy.Data redundancy can become a problem for several reasons.Entering same data over and over again is a moulder of time.Data redundancy increases the probability of occurring errorsErrors can occur when retrieving data.Disk space is wasted.Affect the performance of the overall outlineWhen updating, deleting data, multiple rows should be considered.Normalization is the process used to avoid data redundancy.Importance of Use Case diagrams in the designUse cases are used in the analysis stage of the design p rocess. Main target of drawing a use case is to identify the system of rules functionality. Use cases separate the system into use cases and actors.Use cases represent the integrating of actors and the system. An actor is defined as a thing with behaviour. An actor could be a person or another system.According to the Fell Race system actor can be someone who uses the system to enter data (user).3. Importance of a good database designMainly a good, effective database design helps the ontogenesis team to reduce the addresss and time taken for the overall development. By creating a good data model and following the correct process, helps the development team to understand user requirements clearly and accurately.4. Is a correct database design necessarily a quality design?The answer is no. A correct database design is not always a quality design. But a quality design should always be a correct design.In a quality design, instead of putting data over multiple files, data is stored in a single logical unit. This reduces the duplication of data. The non duplication of data helps to discover data integrity. Also a quality design is helpful in maintain the security of data. Data can be managed properly trough a quality database design. Finally a quality design is a design that helps to increase the performance of the database. A correct database design would work, but a quality design will help increase the performance of the database.5. ConclusionAn affective and quality database design helps the development team to reduce time and the overall cost of the system development process. By taking a correct approach to database design helps the team to understand the user requirements correctly and deliver a system the user desires. A good database design will also help increase the overall performance of the system.ReferencesMike gahan.2000.An introduction to databases.online(updated 10 October 2000) Available at http// web.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/cisp/database/manual/ node1.html Accessed 10 January 2010.SQLTeam.com.2000.Database design and modelling fundamentals.online(updated 30 June 2000) Available at http//www.sqlteam.com/article/database-design-and-modeling-fundamentals Accessed 10 January 2010.Farrkoh Alemi.2007.healthcare databases.online(updated 27 November 2007) Available at http//gunston.gmu.edu/709/DataModelingERDiagram.asp Accessed 12 January 2010 development cycles.2004.Entity Relationship Modeling-Experience vs InExperience.online(updated 05 April 2004) Available at http//www.devarticles.com/c/a/Development-Cycles/Entity-Relationship-Modeling/13/ Accessed 12 January 2010Veda c storey. Modelling quality requirements in conceptual database design.e-book Available at http//web.mit.edu/tdqm/www/tdqmpub/QEROct98.pdf Accessed 12 January 2010John A. Hoxmeier.1997.A framework for accessing database quality.onlineAvailable at http//osm7.cs.byu.edu/ER97/workshop4/jh.html Accessed 12 January 2010

The Century Closed The World Became Smaller Information Technology Essay

The Century Closed The World Became Smaller Information Technology EssayAs the century closed, the world became smaller. The public chop-chop gained access to smart and dramatically faster communication technologies. Entrepreneurs, able to draw on unprecedented scale economies, built vast empires. Great fortunes were make. The government demanded that these potent new monopolists be held accountable under antitrust law. E rattling day brought forth new technological advances to which the old stage teleph bingle circuit perplexs seemed no longer to apply. Yet, somehow, the elementary laws of economics asserted themselves. Those who mastered these laws survived in the new environment. Those who did non, failed.PurposeThe think of this Master Thesis is to analyze the conveyance and logistics industry and examine how e descent has acted this industry. We ordain film the changes that contrive already occurred as well as entry to identify practical future eBusiness trends as well as changes within the industry. marginThe expression electronic commerce usually refers to exchange that utilizes an electronic channel for communication amongst buyer and seller. This electronic channel could be for instance EDI or the profits. The focus of this thesis is, however, only exchange that maps the mesh. We therefore use the expression eBusiness. We define eBusiness as exchange that is enabled or facilitated by the use of the meshwork in the buyer-supplier relation.MethodIn this section the methods of work that have been apply in our analysis pull up stakes be explained. Triangulation has been used as a mean for unite the different quantitative and qualitative methods used in order to illustrate the problem from several(prenominal) different angles. The purpose of this was to improve the analysis results validation. Tackling the problem from several directions has excessively improved our k directlyledge of the resembling. The three methods we have chosen argon review of literature, questionnaire sent to companies in the industry and case studies. The main reason for choosing these methods was to begin a broad understanding of the industry situation and include as m each relevant factors as possible into our analysis. This mien we reduce the risk of lacking(p) important aspects because of limitations in our frames of reference and our analytical tools.Theoretical frameworkOne of the intimately discussed issues now is the new digital economy. We argon living in and doing business in a world where information and ideas are the new capital. The key driver of this economic shift is the cyberspace, hence the term digital economy. The Internet has wielded this antecedent because it has introduced two essential changes that together are turning industries inside out. These two changes are1. The Internet makes unprecedented amounts of information available more(prenominal) easily, universally and tattily than ever before.2. The Int ernet reachs a universal and instant connection. A connection between people, between business and their customers and between business and their partners.These two central changes have in turn generated a host of new change factors that businesses must come to terms with. Figure1 shows how new communication technology affects different areas within a company that in turn leads to changed industry structure. This to a fault illustrates the structure of the theoretical also illustrates the structure of the theoretical approach. One can summaries the literature written on eBusiness into three major areas that are highly important in business making. Areas that all have been affected by the use of the Internet industrial relations, business efficiency and products. There are also other significant changes that the Internet have given rise to and/or driven further ahead, which are depict in Other the Internet Driven Effects.EBUSINESS AFFECTS RELATIONSTo understand and intelligently at tack industrial marketing problems, a number of substantial differences between industrial and consumer marketing must be recognized. These differences are a great deal of degree rather than kind, besides the degrees of differences are substantial. Marketing in the industrial world is a great deal more a general management responsibility than it is in the consumer-products field. In a consumer goods company major changes in marketing strategy can be make and carried out within the marketing department.EBUSINESS AND PRODUCTSEvery business today competes in two worlds a physical world of resources and a virtual world made of information1. The latter has given rise to the world of eBusiness, a new locus of value creation. The value chain in the physical world treats information as a supporting element of the value- agreeed process, not as a source of value itself. By gathering, organizing and distributing the information received from the market space, companies can use it to create new products and new value for customers in the virtual value chain. In this work Product is used as a metaphor for products or serve. The temperament of products can therefore be both tangible and intangible. Often a companys subject of exchange is part product and part service. One of the most evident consequences of the economic shift of paradigm today is that the part of a product that is service or information becomes larger and larger. In many industries not widely considered information businesses, information actually represents a large percentage of the cost structure1. Investments in the electronic channel displace conventional gross sales, marketing and service be moreover, the technology allows companies to offer increasingly higher levels of service without incurring incremental be for eachtransaction2. Also today, knowledge and information are the prime commodities, each as the main object of transactions or as very important component of themThe Internet and differentiationThe competitive situation on the Internet is often described as perfect competition. What are the consequences of this? According to economic theories, firms competing on a market characterized as perfect competition volition, in the semipermanent equilibrium, make zero economic profit4. Very few companies desire to compete on a market without economic profit. Companies should therefore avoid competing solely on the basis of price. Consequently, the issue of differentiation exit be more important in eBusiness. A well-known way to differentiate products is by adding services to the trustworthy offering. A companys offering can therefore, if associated with the right services, be more valuable to a customer than a competitors equivalent product. The Internet could for example be used to provide value-adding information or services to buyers of a tangible product, thus differentiating it from competitors.The Internet and diversificationThe Internet can be seen as a weapons platform for innovation. It is a way to produce new combinations of information and products/services without incurring the traditional costs of complexity that exists in the physical world. For instance, information that arises from a companys traditional business can be gathered and used to serve new customer segments. Standard Poors Corporation, a company that traditionally provided financial information to institutional customers, uses its stored information to provide financial planning services to private customers over the Net.INCREASED BUSINESS EFFICIENCYOne of the major reasons for the immense interest for eBusiness today is that it has great influence on business efficiency. The primary reason for this is the fact that eBusiness can decrease transaction costs, i.e. the costs related to administrating each purchase. Together with the way the Internet lets companies integrate and organize their flow of information we get a winning concept for lowering costs and in creasing efficiency. Consequently, the Internet can append efficiency in effect bestow chains, thus increasing the capacity in whole networks.The Internet also increases the transparency of markets and thereby enables buyers to compare products and prices right away and easily. This puts them in a better bargaining position and shifts the information advantage from sellers to buyers. Hence, the Internet might induce lowered costs for companies purchasing online and therefore indirectly affect the efficiency.Transaction costsOne of the most significant effects of eBusiness is that transaction costs decrease. Transaction costs are most important in business to business cases as consumers not are directly afflicted with costs for spending more time while shopping. However, as the lowered costs move down the value chain, in the end the consumer will benefit as well.IMPLICATIONS OF EBUSINESSWhat are the implications of eBusiness on B2B relations? We have presented a review of how aff ects B2B relations. We would now like to summaries this and at the same time point out the main issues of eBusiness. These will later on be used as a report for our analysis of the transportation and logistics industryRelationshipsWe believe the Internet as a relationship enabler is of such importance that it needs to be dealt with peculiar(prenominal)ally. The Internet can affect a companys relations with customers, suppliers, partners and community.eBusiness and productsThe Internet allows firms to create both new and enhanced products and services. Creating new services is made possible by the Internets capacity for transferring large amounts of information cost-effectively. Also, the Internets geographical reach and propensity to connect people and companies give rise to new products and services. Consequently, eBusiness can be new business. Moreover, eBusiness can affect profits.Increased Business EfficiencyOne of the major reasons for the immense interest for eBusiness toda y is that it has great influence on business efficiency. There are primarily two reasons for this. First, the Internet lets companies integrate and organize their flow of information. Second, eBusiness can decrease transaction costs, i.e. the costs related to administrating each purchase. Consequently, the Internet can increase efficiency in complete supply chains or networks.INDUSTRYDESCRIPTIONMankind has always depended upon the means of transportation and the development of transport systems is directly associated with the expansion of civilization. Moreover, there has always been connection between production, trading and transportation. Even the old Egyptian Pharaohs realized the value in having a well functioning net of transports and their usage of the Nile can now be recognized as the foundation of their empire1. The beginning city in Sweden also developed by waterways since traffic on water was a condition for the earth and growth of cities in these days2. Since a geograph ical area, city or nation alone cannot produce all the goods demanded, a need for transports to import the missing goods arises. The specific area can also export their surplus to other regions that lack these goods and a two-way flow has thereby occurred. After a while, regions will come out of the closet to specialize, i.e. they will produce the goods that will give them the most comparative advantage3. Specialization makes efficiencies through economies of scale and economies of experience possible, which in turn can lower costs. This makes it possible for companies to ship their products even further away. The larger production volumes also demand larger markets, which is why companies look abroad to sell their products.THE EVOLUTION OF TRANSPORTATIONUp until the beginning of the nineteenth century, shipping was the most important mean of transportation. Then the industrialism started to sweep the continent and by the division of labor and automation, companies could now mass-p roduce goods utilize economies of scale, which demanded larger markets as mentioned earlier. This infallible a well working transportation net, which made the railroad the most effective means of transportation4. The railroad was needed in order to deliver raw material to factories and to distribute produced goods to the markets.LOGISTIC QUALITYOver the years vendors have noticed that buyers tolerance for errors is getting smaller and logistics managers everywhere are being put under pressure because of this. Quality is important to supply-chain thinking because, literally, the supply chain is no better than its weakest link. Whichever link in the supply chain is responsible for questionable quality will be the first eliminated1.Quality has always been important to logistic operators, and today nearly all companies appear to be in the pursuit of high quality. There are several reasons for this2. One is the just-in-time (JIT) concept, which leaves no spare stores to fall back on i n case a defect is found. A second is the replacement of mechanical devices by electronic ones with the latter being much more dead-on(prenominal). A third reason is that as possibilities for partnership arrangements present themselves. Companies are wary of being linked to a supplier that does not share similar ideas or believes close to quality measures or concepts.THE NEED FOR INFORMATION IN THE INDUSTRYThe main purposes of goods transports are to deliver material or products from one location to another at a required moment. The transportation process therefore generates a flow of goods. To accomplish the transportation mission satisfactorily there is a great need for information.Case study Schenker-BTLBTL is an acronym for Bilspedition Transport and Logistics. The Compan was one of the dominating transportation companies in Sweden for a long time. outright BTL has been merged with Schenker AG and formed Schenker-BTL. BTL is thereby part of one of the largest transportation c ompanies in Europe.THE COMPANYWe will in this section give a brief description of Schenker-BTL (from now on referred to as S-BTL). It is however, difficult to find accurate and updated information about the new company. Even the employees seem to be confused about the structure of their company. Due to the transformation the company is going through much of the information found in annual reports is inaccurate. Also, as a consequence of the new ownership, there will be no new annual reports or interim reports released from S-BTL. Our description is at large based on information obtained through interviews and information form the corporate website. The purpose is to give the reader a rough description of the companys size and business.EBUSINESSThere are two major approaches to eBusiness for S-BTL. The Internet strategy is primarily focused on providing logistic support for companies that want to do eBusiness. Moreover, S-BTLs offers services related to its pure transportation busine ss on the corporate website. We have analyzed how S-BTL uses the Internet to create new business and add value to the traditional services. We will first describe how S-BTL uses its website, then we discuss S-BTL as a logistical partner in eBusiness.SUMMARYUnited helping Service (UPS) is one of the worlds largest express carrier and package delivery companies. The company was founded in 1907 in the USA and today operates an international small package and instrument network in more than 200 countries and territories. Every day UPS delivers more than 12 million packages and documents. Since the company serves a global market with its transportation services and in order to reach its customers quickly, UPS has turned to information technology and electronic commerce to help them gain a leadership position.THE SURVEYAs a part of our work with analyzing how the Internet affects the transportation industry we have sent out a watch over to 82 of the companies in this industry. We chose the companies that are members of the Swedish supranational Freight Association and that have a web site. The purpose of the survey is to investigate how Swedish transportation companies use the Internet and what sort of problems it brings. We do not intend to make any quantitative conclusions for the industry as such since the sample of companies is to narrow. The survey will simply act as a road map to the future the Internet usage in the transportation industryTHE QUESTIONSThe questions were divided into five areas historical and future changes, strategy, prime movers, purpose, problems and miscellaneous. In the first two we mean to find out what the companies in the industry thought of the Internet, how it had affected their business making and what might happen in the future. The following four questions were asked to indicate the purpose of an Internet investment, which was behind it and what problems it brought along. The last question was about other significant trends in the industry that are not entirely connected to the Net but still important for the industrys future.CONCLUSIONSUntil now, the Internet has primarily been perceived as a communication tool, both for internal as well as external use. This is also regarded to be of future importance though the companies also see the Net as a way to attract new customers. Another field of application program for the Internet is marketing as well as a tool for development of new products and/or increasing their values. Only half of the companies in the survey seem to have a specific the Internet strategy whereas the other half has not. However, at a majority of the companies, the Internet related issues are often discussed on crest management level leading us to believe that the industry has realized the Nets importance. An explanation to why the Internet has not had a effective breakthrough yet might be the Y2K problem. A total of 78 percent held this as a more important issue. Nevertheless, most c ompanies consider the Internet to be a natural part of future strategies and significant for future competitive advantage. For most companies, the prime movers for an Internet investment have been either top management or a specific person at their company.The purposes of the investment were to attract new customers, improve customer service, and increase the value on services, sales and to satisfy to customers expectations. However, not as many as we expected claimed the purpose of the investment to be efficiency improvements. The majority of the companies did not appear to have any specific problems with their Internet investment. Not even the complexity, security and reliability issues seem to be major obstacles. Neither do the companies believe that the Internet usage will reduce the personal contacts. Still, many feel that it is difficult to measure the effects of their investment. The future trends appear to be at basis deliveries and logistics management. However, fewer than we anticipated thinks that hotshot sourcing and Net-based transportation exchange firms would have a significant impact on the transportation industry.AnalysisOne of the most noticeable consequences of eBusiness is that new Business models emerge. The uphill eBusiness models are a result of the new technological possibilities for communication and the new possibilities for creating products and services that the Internet brings about. This has been noted in several industries and the transportation and logistics industry is no different. We have found that companies in this industry go about eBusiness in three ways. We will discuss each of these as a model of eBusiness. The models are.1. The first model includes companies that use the Internet for customer interaction. Usually this means that regular off-line services are marketed on a corporate website. We call this model Classic function.2. Logistic Providers for eBusiness firms. Companies develop and operate logistic solutions for firms that sell goods on the web. Generally involves delivering to consumers, i.e. at home deliveries.3. New business models that are completely the Internet-based. Companies in this group has no physical assets, the concept is to connect buyers and sellers of transportation services.Classic ServicesThe first business model to be discussed in the analysis is the determinate services model. As the name implies, this eBusiness model is about marketing classic transportation services on the Internet. They are classic in the sense that most of the Internet services are originally offered off-line. This analysis will describe the services and examples on how the companies in our case studies use them will be given. We will also discuss how the Internet is used for communicating and some of the problems related to the classic services.The Internet servicesThe services offered by the companies in this group are usually regularoff-line services that have been converted to the Internet . Common services are reserve, tracking and timetables, thus, services that traditionally have been handled via telephone or fax. The customer is often required to register to use the services. We will now give a few examples of regular services.CommunicationThe companies in the classic groups use their websites for communicating with both customers and community. Usually the company and its services are presented along with press and investor information. Moreover, most companies give information on how to reach them and some also answers to frequently asked questions have. Using the Internet for communicating company information is a fast and effective channel and should therefore not be neglectedCONCLUSIONSThis chapter will present our conclusions on how the transportation and logistics industry has been affected by eBusiness. We will also present our view of how eBusiness will evolve in this industry. The results exhibited in this chapter are based on the case studies and the s urvey, which have been presented throughout this thesisThe most significant effect of eBusiness is that new business models emerge. These models are a result of the new technological possibilities for communication and the new possibilities for creating products and services that the Internet brings about. We have found three different eBusiness models in the transportation and logistics industry. We refer to these as Classic Services and Logistic Providers.The Classic Services eBusiness model is about marketing classic transportation services on the Internet. The Classic Services group of companies is the dominating one in our case studies. Common services are booking, tracking and timetables, thus, services that traditionally have been handled via telephone or fax. The usage of the services is generally very low. The services found in this group are seldom very innovative. Still, we regard the booking and tracking services to have a great strength both for increased efficiency as well as enhanced customer service, but the concepts has to be reworked in order to attract more customers. The customers booking process has to be assessed in order to establish how the Internet is best utilized to simplify the customers situation. Also, companies need to attend the problem of how reach the efficiency increases that the Internet enables without losing the social contact and trust that the customers demand. Being a Logistic Provider implies that the transportation and logistics company provides services such as warehousing, inventory control, assembling and dissemination to their clients. The transportation companies believe that strategic partnering with the Internet retailers has the greatest potential in eBusiness, this because the Internet shopping is believed to grow immensely over the next few years. Now the Internet start-ups are also considered to be more inclined to outsource the logistic operations than most traditional businesses. The biggest change that the Internet business has brought about for the industry is the increase of at home deliveries. The important issues in this new business are time of delivery (evenings), payment, capacity, utilization and logistic efficiency.The future entirely of the companies that we have studied are industry pioneers in theField of eBusiness. We believe that other companies in the industry will go about eBusiness in the same way as the companies that we have described. The future will show which models that are profitable. We believe that the Classic Services model will gain in popularity as more transportation companies and customers realize the potential for efficiency increases this model has. Yet, there do not seem to be any plans to extend the range of offered services. any(prenominal) companies believe that technological developments will enable further increases in efficiency and enhanced service. We also expect that an increasing number of small and medium surface firms will discover how the Internet can be used for connecting complete value chains. The Internet can thereby transform the way that third troupe logistics is performed. The future of the Logistic Providers is set by the rate at which the Internet trade grows. Though, this growth is to some extent due to how well the at home delivery services are developed. The marketplace Models will probable need a few years to show results. The success of this model is depending on a cumbersome change in both attitude and behavior of transport firms and customers.

A Study On Becks Theory Psychology Essay

A Study On Becks Theory Psychology EssayBecks theory states that Individuals with impaired attitudes atomic number 18 uniformly to show increases in down in the mouth mood fol scurvying the point of shun make upts. From the cognitive perspective, we arse say that low gear is becomed by matchlesss thinking. soul with impaired attitudes courses to think negatively toward themselves. When a negative item occurs which relates to that soul, it creations the negative estimates everywhere and over again which can lead to economic crisis. Beck believed that the cognitive symptoms of economic crisis actually foreswear the affective and mood symptoms of impression, rather than vice versa. Becks main argument was that depression was instituted by ones view of oneself, instead of one having a negative view of oneself collectible to depression. For example, Abela and DAlessandros (2002) found that the students negative views roughly their future strongly controlled the interaction between dysfunctional attitudes and the increase in demoralize mood. The research clearly backed up Becks claim that those at risk for depression due to dysfunctional attitudes who did not get into their college of choice consequently doubted their futures, and these thoughts lead to symptoms of depression. The new(prenominal) cause of depression would be a persons kind race with their surroundings and the people around them. Hammen and Brennan (2001) found that 13% of the sons and 23.6 % of the daughters who were depressed had depressed mothers as comp bed to 3.9% of the sons and 15.9% of the daughters who were depressed lacked a depressed mother. From the social perspective, we see that the child becomes depressed because of the inter own(prenominal) relationship with his or her mother which shows how the social environment around someone can influence the behaviour or thinking of the person. The depressed adolescents of depressed mothers were in any case mor e likely to evidence dysfunctional cognitions about their social selves and worlds. (Hammen Brennan, 2001, p. 8) This clearly contradicts becks argument that depression is cause by dysfunctional cognition but not vice versa. Hammen and Brennan (2001) discussed that adolescents gets depressed because of the interpersonal relationship with their mothers which then later lead them into dysfunctional cognitions. Whereas, beck states that dysfunctional attitudes comes first which then later on lead the person into depression. Another contradiction of these two concepts is that one states that depression is caused by the inner thinking without the influence of another person and on the contrary, the other is cause by the surrounding people and how they be do. Second SectionCognitive Theory Individuals with dysfunctional attitudes be likely to show increases in depressed mood following the occurrence of negative events which is stated in Becks theory. We can say that depression is cause d by ones thinking from the cognitive perspective. Someone with dysfunctional attitudes tends to think negatively toward themselves. When a negative event shows up, it triggers the negative thoughts over and over again which can lead to depression. The relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and increases in depressed mood following the occurrence of negative events is caused by negative views of the future . Becks cognitive theory of depression has generated a vast body of empirical research.Central to Becks theory is the construct of schemas(Becks (1967, 1983). Beck defines schemas as stored bodies of kip downledge that affect the encoding, comprehension and retrieval of information. The content and organization of different individuals schemas vary according to their particular experiences. formerly activated, depressogenic schemas provide access to a complex system of negative themes and cognitions which go out lead to negative cognitive triad(Becks (1967, 1983). Beck d efines the negative cognitive triad as a negative view of the self, the world and the future. Beck hypothesizes that the negative cognitive triad is a sufficient cause of depression and will start showing some depressive symptoms such as deficits in affective, motivational, behavioural and physiological functioning(John R. Z. Abela,2000). Beck also states that there argon three main dysfunctional belief themes (or schemas) that dominate depressed peoples thinking (Natalie Staats Reiss, Ph.D, 2007) I am defective or inadequate, All of my experiences guide in defeats or failures, and The future is hopeless.Together, these three themes ar described as the Negative Cognitive Triad. When these beliefs be present in someones cognition, depression is very likely to occur. Depressed people will tend to demonstrate selective attention to information, which matches their negative expectations, and selective neglect to information that contradicts those expectations. Faced with a mostly p ositive performance review, depressed people will manage to find and focus in on the one negative comment that keeps the review from being perfect. They tend to magnify the importance and meanings in the negative events, and minimize the importance and meanings in positive events. Usually this mannequin of situation will happen quite unconsciously which is will maintain a depressed persons core negative schemas in the face of contradictory evidence, and they will remain feeling hopeless about the future even when the evidence suggests that things will get better. Beck hypothesizes that depressogenic schemas are typically latent in individuals which vulnerable to depression and must be activated by relevant stressors or event in order to exert their influence on information processing(Becks (1967, 1983). In the absence seizure of such aversive life events, depressogenic schemas remain inactive and do not exert an influence on patterns of thinking. Based on the research done by a gro up of researchers from Canada, (John R. Z. Abela and David U. DAlessandro,Department of Psychology, McGill University), they used a short-term longitudinal design in which participants dysfunctional attitudes were assessed prior to the occurrence of a negative event. The method that they put on used was 136 high school seniors applying to the University of Pennsylvania completed measures of depressed mood and dysfunctional attitudes 1-8 weeks before receiving their admissions decision and denoted as (Time 1). The assessment of dysfunctional attitudes was preceded by a primary task designed to activate latent depressogenic schemas in all participants. Participants also observed on thier depressed mood, negative views of the self, and negative views of the future in short after they received their admissions decision and denoted as (Time 2) and four days later as (Time 3). The outcome from this research was consistent with the component of Becks theory. The participants who are dysfu nctional attitudes predicted increases in depressed mood immediately following a negative admissions outcome (Time 2). In addition, according to the the causal mediation component of the theory, for negative outcome students, the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and increases in depressed mood was caused by negative views of the future. Contrary to predictions, however, this relationship was not mediated by negative views of the self. In addition, adversary to predictions, dysfunctional attitudes did not predict enduring depressed mood after a negative outcome (Time 3). Some studies obtain found no gestate for the diathesis-stress component of the theory. For example, using a psychiatric in-patient sample, Persons and Rao (1985) reported that irrational beliefs (Ellis, 1962) did not interact with negative events to predict increases in depressive symptoms seven months after discharge. Similarly, using a three-month prospective design, Barnett and Gotlib (1988a, 1990) reported that dysfunctional attitudes did not interact with negative events to predict increases in depressive symptoms.Social Theory The early onset of depression commonly recalled by depressed adults. (Burke, Burke, Regier, Rae, 1990) The increasing rate of depression in youngsters is significantly impairing and it indicates getting even and continuity into adulthood. One of the best empirically supported predictors of depression in callowness is having a depressed mother. in that location is no single unifying social model of depression but rather various empirical and theoretical developments that evince interpersonal cognitions and behaviors. As for the mother, a key characteristic of the interpersonal perspective is a particular emphasis on the dysfunctional, ab prescript or unhealthy interpersonal behavior or interaction within a group transaction between the person and the social environment. (Joiner Coyne, 1999) Depressed individuals often function poorly in marriage s and relationships with family members. (Barnett Gotlib, 1988 Rao, Hammen, Daley, 1999 Weissman Paykel, 1974) They may engage maladaptively, adapting poorly to a situation with others in representations that support to the occurrence of interpersonal stressful life events, which eventually aptitude cause further depression. (Davila, Hammen, Burge, Pa-ley, Daley, 1995 Hammen, 1991) Depressed people are often dependent on others and seek confidence in ways that distance others.(Barnett Gotlib, 1988 Joiner Metalsky, 1995) They often overvalue relationships as sources of self-worth but may also have acquired negative beliefs about the availability and trustworthiness of others .In turn, prolong course of depression may be due to negative attitudes by family members. (Hooley, Orley, Teasdale, 1986 Hooley Teasdale, 1989 Keitner et al., 1995) Although many of the interpersonal deficiencies noted in depressed individuals may be depressive state dependent, a number of the cited s tudies have indicated enduring difficulties even when the person is not currently depressed. Obviously not all depressive disorders are functionally linked to maladaptive interpersonal relationships but research strongly suggests the importance of the piece of social behaviors and beliefs in promoting depression and its recurrence. The acquisition of dysfunctional schemas about the self and others, and the deficiencies in interpersonal skills, may set the stage for vulnerability to depression, especially when stressors are encountered that deplete or challenge the childs sense of worth, competence, and social relatedness. The depressed children of depressed mothers were also highly likely to have elevated rates of interpersonal and affair life events, reflecting at least in part their relative difficulties in negotiating interpersonal relationships. The depressed adolescents of depressed mothers were also more likely to have dysfunctional cognitions about their social selves and w orld. They more likely compared to depressed children of non depressed women to report fewer friends and social activities. In my opinion, social vulnerabilities of offspring of depressed women may abide to earlier onset of depressive disorders and worse clinical features. Although biological and genetic factors may heighten risk for early onset, acquisition of interpersonal vulnerabilities may also result in early experiences of depressive disorders. The homogeneity permits evaluation of residuums between groups that are not mis weighn with age effects. Moreover, young adolescence is a developmental period during which social activities and alliances international of the family take on increasing importance. The most noticeable differences among the groups occurred in interpersonal functioning. Indicators of ongoing social role performance revealed more impaired functioning in social domains, with a particularly marked problem, not surprisingly, in relationships with family mem bers for depressed youth of depressed mothers. The depressed children of depressed mothers were also highly likely to have elevated rates of interpersonal and conflict life events, reflecting at least in part their relative difficulties in negotiating interpersonal relationships. The depressed adolescents of depressed mothers were also more likely to evidence dysfunctional cognitions about their social selves and worlds. They were significantly more likely than depressed children of non depressed women to report fewer friends and social activities. However, It is kindle that depressed children of depressed mothers were more positive about their romantic appeal than depressed children of non depressed women, possibly indicating earlier involvement or greater. (Gotlib, Lewinsohn, Seeley, 1998) An authorized tax write-off of subgroup differences may be that the depressed youth of depressed women, because of interpersonal difficulties, will have earlier and more frequent recurrences of depression, which could result from stressors associated with inability to adapt to social demand. Moreover, it might be speculated that youth interpersonal difficulties might lead to adult social difficulties, including dysfunctional marital relationships and even transmission of depression to their own offspring. From the study, it is kindle that there was a tendency for a higher male proportion among the outcome of depressed women, while most of the depressed children of non depressed women were girls. In conclusion, the results are consistent with the perspective that depression among children of depressed mothers is especially likely to occur in the context of difficulties in their interpersonal skills and perceptions of others towards them. The youths difficulties may represent a weapon of intergenerational transmission of depression that results in part from the parents own interpersonal difficulties acquired in their childhood family environments. Last but not least, aggressive treatment of the social dysfunctions has to be taken. Third SectionDepression / Major depressive disorderDepression is a medical illness that involves the mind and body. It also known as study depression, major depressive disorder and clinical depression which is by an all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem, and prejudice of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.. It affects patients feel, think and behave which lead to a variety of emotional and material problems. Major depression is a incapacitating condition which adversely affects a persons family, work or school life, kiping and eating habits, and general health. SubtypesThere are five further subtypes of major depressive disorder called specifiers to nothing the length, callousness and presence of psychotic features Melancholic depression loss of pleasure in most or all activities, a failure of reactivity to pleasurable stimuli, a quality of depressed mood more pronounced tha n that of grief or loss, a worsening of symptoms in the morning hours, early morning waking, psychomotor retardation, excessive weight or excessive guilt. Atypical depression mood reactivity (paradoxical anhedonia) and positivity, significant weight gain or increased appetite (comfort eating), excessive sleep or sleepiness (hypersomnia), a sensation of heaviness in limbs known as leaden paralysis, and significant social impairment as a backwash of hypersensitivity to perceived interpersonal rejection.Catatonic depression a rare and severe form of major depression involving disturbances of motor behavior and other symptoms. The person is unvoiced and almost stuporose, and either remains immobile or exhibits purposeless or even bizarre movements. Catatonic symptoms also occur in schizophrenia or in manic episodes, or may be caused by neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Postpartum depression (Mild mental and behavioral disorders associated with the puerperium) refers to the intense, su stained and sometimes disabling depression experienced by women after giving birth. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a form of depression in which depressive episodes come on in the autumn or winter, and resolve in spring. The diagnosis is made if at least two episodes have occurred in colder months with none at other times, over a two-year period or long-lasting. Causes of DepressionDepression has no single cause often, it results from a combination of things. Whatever its cause, depression is not scarce a state of mind. It is related to physical changes in the brain, and connected to an imbalance of a type of chemical that carries signals in your brain and nerves. These chemicals are called neurotransmitters. Some of others factors complex in depression areFamily history Genetics play an important part in depression. It can run in families for generations.Trauma and stress Things like financial problems, the breakup of a relationship, or the death of a loved one can bring on depression. People can become depressed after any unwelcome change in life patterns, like starting a new job, graduating from school, or getting married can trigger a depressive episode.1Pessimistic personalityPeople who have low self-esteem and a negative outlook are at higher risk of go depressed. These traits may actually be caused by low-level depression. Physical conditions Serious medical conditions like heart disease, cancer, and HIV can contribute to depression, partly because of the physical weakness and stress they bring on. Depression can make medical conditions worse, since it weakens the immune system and can make pain harder to bear. In some cases, depression can be caused by medications used to treat medical conditions. For example, some medications that are used to treat high blood pressure, cancer, seizures, extreme pain, and to achieve contraceptive method can result in depression. Even some psychiatric medications like some sleep aids and medications to treat alcoholism and anxiety can contribute to the development of depression.Lack of neurochemicals the depressive disorders appears to be associated with altered brain serotonin and norepinephrine systems. The different types of schizophrenia are associated with an imbalance of dopamine (too much) and serotonin (poorly regulated) in real areas of brain. Both neurochemicals (serotonin and norepinephrine) are lower in depressed people. early(a) psychological disordersAnxiety disorders, eating disorders, schizophrenia, persistent deprivation in infancy, physical or knowledgeable abuse, clusters of certain personality traits, and inadequate ways of coping (maladaptive coping mechanisms) can increase the frequency and severity of depressive disordersSymptomsFeelings of sadness or unhappinessIrritability or frustration, even over small mattersLoss of interest or pleasure in normal activitiesInsomnia or excessive sleepingChanges in appetite depression often causes decreased appetite and weig ht loss, but in some people it causes increased cravings for food and weight gainAgitation or uneasiness for example, pacing, hand-wringing or an inability to sit stillFatigue, tiredness and loss of energy even small tasks may seem to require a lot of causal agencyFeelings of worthlessness or guilt, fixating on past failures or blaming yourself when things arent going rightSlowed in thinking, speaking or body movements, concentrating, making decisions and remembering thingsFrequent thoughts of death, dying or suicideUnexplained physical problems, such as back pain or headachesTreatments and Suggestion PsychotherapyPsychotherapy can be delivered to individuals or groups by mental health professionals including psychotherapists, psychiatrists, psychologists, clinical social workers, counselors, and psychiatric nurses. Talking the2rapies help patients gain insight into their problems and resolve them through verbal give-and-take with the therapist. It reduces the recurrence of depr ession even after it has been terminated or replaced by occasional booster sessions.Types of therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can help to identify and change thought and behavior patterns that contribute to depression. People who are depressed tend to think negatively. Therefore, cognitive behavioral therapy teaches patients how to identify and challenge the negative thoughts and helps to obtain more atonement and rewards through their own actions. Interpersonal therapylooks at how depression can be connected to troubled emotional relationships. Interpersonal therapists focus on the patients disturbed personal relationships that both cause and exacerbate the depression.Psychodynamic therapy links depression to traumas and conflicts that happened earlier in your life, especially during childhood. It can be a short-term treatment, although it is often a longer process. The therapists focus on resolving the patients internal psychological conflicts that are typically thought to be rooted in childhood. Long-term psychodynamic therapies are particularly important if there seems to be a lifelong history and pattern of inadequate ways of coping (maladaptive coping mechanisms) in negative or self-injurious behavior.Group therapyallows you and other people with depressionor people with the same issues that contributed to your depressionto meet together with a therapist and share experiences. Antidepressants Antidepressants are treatment method by the help of medication to treat the physical state in the brain. Psychologists identified that when certain chemicals in the brain (such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) are out of balance, depression can occur. People with chronic depression may need to take medication indefinitely to avoid relapse. Hence, antidepressants can be help to improve the symptoms of depression by bringing those chemicals back into balance. Some of the major types of antidepressants are discussed below NDRIs (Norepinephrine a nd dopamine reuptake inhibitors) are a type of antidepressant that increases the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine by blocking their reuptake in the brain. Buproprion is the only antidepressant within this class of drugs approved by the FDA. Side effects may include weight loss, loss of appetite, and dry mouth. SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) such as sertraline, escitalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and citalopram are a widely used type of antidepressant. SSRIs increase serotonin in the brain by blocking serotonin reuptake in the brain. These types of antidepressants can cause sexual side effects. SNRIs (Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors) work in much the same way as an SSRI. SNRIs block the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine. SNRIs may also cause side effects similar to SSRIs. Electroconvulsive therapyElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure whereby pulses of electricity are sent through the brain via two electrodes, usually one o n each temple, to induce a seizure while the patient is under a short general anaesthetic. ECT can have a quicker effect than antidepressant therapy and thus may be the treatment of choice in emergencies such as catatonic depression where the patient has stopped eating and drinking, or where a patient is severely suicidal. ECT is useful for certain patients, particularly for those who cannot take or have not responded to a number of antidepressants. ECT often is effective in cases where trials of a number of antidepressant medications do not provide sufficient relief of symptoms. This procedure probably works, as previously mentioned, by a massive neurochemical release in the brain due to the controlled seizure. touch sensation In my opinion, there is more than one way to skin a mongoose. There are a lot of difference perspectives to look at the causes of depression. There might be environmental, biological, psychological, physical, or some incidents that cause individual to depres s. It is quite difficult to differentiate between a depressed people from a normal one. Hence, by looking at the symptom of depression is one of the ways to diagnose the disease. Therefore, we will discussion about how depress symptom appears and may leads to occurrence of depression. At first, we choose to use cognitive theory as an approach to explain how people get depressed which can be apply in most cases. Cognitive theory saying that depression results from maladaptive, faulty, or irrational cognitions taking the form of distorted thoughts and judgments. Depressed people think differently than non-depressed people, and it is this difference in thinking that causes them to become depressed. For example, depressed people tend to view themselves, their environment, and the future negative, pessimistic light. As a result, depressed people tend to misinterpret facts in negative ways and blame themselves for any misfortune that occurs. This negative thinking and judgment style fun ctions as a negative bias it makes it tardily for depressed people to see situation as being much worse than they really are, and increases the risk that such people will develop depressive symptoms in response to stressful situations. The depressive symptoms are also the cognitive approach to the depressive individual where all the symptoms are causes by themselves. For example, they have feelings of sadness or unhappiness, irri3tability or frustration, even over small matters, loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities, insomnia or excessive sleeping and others. All the symptoms are from patient mind. They tend to ignore positive information, pay exaggerated attention to negative information, and to engage in overgeneralization, which occurs when people assume that because some local and isolated event has morose out badly, this means that all events will turn out badly. For example, depressed people may refuse to see that they have at least a few friends, or that they h ave had some successes across their lifetime (ignoring the positive). Or they might dwell on and blow out of proportion the hurts they have suffered (exaggerating the negative). Other depressed people may convince themselves that nobody loves them or they always mess up (overgeneralizing). In addition, cognitive theory also suggested that people are shaped by the interactions between their behaviors, thoughts, and environmental events. Each piece in the puzzle can and does affect the shape of the other pieces. Human behavior ends up being largely a product of learning, which may occur vicariously, as well as through direct experience. Depressed peoples self-concepts are different from non-depressed peoples self-concepts as we mention earlier. They tend to hold themselves solely responsible for bad things in their lives and are full of self-recrimination and self-blame. They also tend to have low levels of self-efficacy (a persons belief that they are capable of influencing their si tuation). Therefore, they tend to set their personal goals too high, and then fall short of reaching them. Repeated failure further reduces feelings of self-efficacy and leads to depression. Nevertheless, of all the factors which by the depressed individual, they are just feeling directed toward themselves for blaming the failure and uselessness. However, there also a cause to major depression which is appearing of a stressful event triggered their depressive episode. The stressful event initiate depressive episodes create changes in the brains chemistry that make it more likely that future episodes of depression will develop. The stressful experiences often take away a persons sense of control and can cause great emotional upheaval and pain. Sometimes, even positive life changes such as getting married or having a baby can trigger a depressive episode. Another approach of theory which I personally think is very important causes to depression is by using Behavioral Theories. Behav ioral Theories uses principles of learning theory to explain human behavior. Therefore, according to behavioral theory, we can say that dysfunctional or unhelpful behavior such as depression is learned. A person can be depressing because of the environmental stressors cause them to receive a low rate of positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement occurs when people fo something they find pleasurable and rewarding. When people receive positive reinforcement, it wills increases the chances that people will repeat the sorts of actions they have taken that led them to receive that reinforcement. In other words, people will tend to repeat those behaviors that get reinforced. However, depressed people do not know how to cope with the fact that they are no longer receiving positive reinforcements like they were before. A depressed people typically have a heightened state of self-awareness about their lack of coping skills that often leads them to self-criticize and withdraw from other people. For example, a man who has been fired from his job and encounters difficulty finding a new job might become depressed. In a nutshell, depression can be cause by the internal and external factors such as peoples thoughts, perceptions, evaluations, expectations, behavior and so on. Hence, at the last part of our research on depression, we had generated an equation for the causes of depression by using cognitive theory and behavioral theory which applicable for most of the depression cases. DEPRESSION = f stressful events, dysfunctional attitudes, depressive symptoms, loss of positive reinforcement 1 Subtypes of DepressionDiagnosis and Medical Management. Retrieved March 6, 2010 from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1237582/2 Understanding Depression Signs, Symptoms, Causes and Help. Retrieved March 6 2010 from http//www.helpguide.org/mental/depression_signs_types_diagnosis_treatment.htm3 Depression Treatment. Therapy, Medication, and Lifestyle Changes That Can Help . Retrieved from 6 March 2010 from http//www.helpguide.org/mental/treatment_strategies_depression.htm

Media Violence and the Violent Male Adolescent Essay -- Argumentative

Media Violence and the Violent Male Adolescent My research led me to form some new hypotheses on the correlation of violence in the media, namely television, movies, and video games, to the rise in violent behavior in adolescents. For this essay, I will focus on young-begetting(prenominal) adolescents. I will use multiple lenses for my research to (1) establish the increase in violent acts by adolescents in the past two decades (2) use be research to show the impact of media violence on the individual and (3) to illustrate my recipe for disaster, four correlations that contribute to the effects of media violence on male adolescents. mug up in Youth Violence According to the United States Department of Justice (DOJ), (1999) in a committee report, The number of juvenile violent annoyance arrests in 1997 exceeded the 1988 level by 49%. Of that number, 2,500 were arrested for murder and 121,000 for other violent crimes. Eighteen percent of high school students now carry a knife, razor, firearm, or other weapon on a regular basis, and 9% of them take a weapon to school. The Committee report noted that a principal lawsuit for the increase was media violence. Eighty-seven percent of American households have more than one television, and 88.7% of homes with children have home video game equipment, a personal computer, or both. An fair teenager listens to 10,500 hours of rock music during the years between the 7th and 12th grades. By age 18 an American child will have seen 16,000 copy murders and 200,000 acts of violence. Television alone is responsible for 10% of youth violence. A preference for heavy metal music may be a significant scratch for alienation, substance abuse, psychiatric disorders, suicide ris... ...f, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Children, Violence, and The Media, (online document) A Report for Parents and Policy Makers. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Senator Orrin G. Hatch, Utah, Chairman, 1999, Sept. 14, Available (http//www.s enate.gov/judiciary/mediavio.htm) Mediascope Press, How Violence Manipulates Viewers. Issue Briefs. studio apartment City, Calif. 1997 Available (http//www.mediascope.org/pubs/ibriefs/hvmv.htm) Putnam, Robert, Bowling Alone Americas Declining Social Capital, Journal of Democracy 1995, Jan., (pp. 65-68) Strasburger, Victor C. M.D. Chief, Division of Adolescent care for, How much influence do the media have? Adolescent Medicine State of the Art Reviews--Vol. 4, No. 3, October 1993 Philadelphia, Hanley & Belfus, Inc. Available online http//www.cyfc.umn.edu/Documents/C/B/CB1030.html

Free College Essays - Hardships in Ordinary People :: Ordinary People

Ordinary mass - Hardships   The theme of Ordinary People can be said best in the words of Honi Werner, " Some things cannot be foreseen or understood or blamed on anyone- they can just be endured. Love, openly shared, is the only thing one can count on to give them strength for that endurance. Ordinary People gives a wonderful example of real life and addresses many internal conflicts. This story about a boys retrieval after his brothers death is extremely engrossing and captivating. Throughout the entire book the reader is gradually and constantly exposed to aspects of each characters personality. The characters are extremely headspring developed and very enthralling. Conrad is the most complex character. Guest did a wonderful job revealing that complexity clearly. I also enjoyed the various internal conflicts that were approach. Conrad was faced with many conflicts including dealing with his parents and friends, forgiving himself as well as others for his brother s death, and allowing himself to express emotion. These conflicts made me look carefully at some of my own problems. This book is unimpeachably made to make people think and not simply to entertain though it accomplishes both successfully. There were few aspects of the story that I disliked. At starting line I was not pleased with the ending because I felt that it had no resolution. Later, I realized that Ordinary People had quite a powerful ending. I do, however, think that Guest could have given a little more background on the family and written in a way that would make it easier to find who was speaking. This book would not be liked and appreciated by all. Most people, however, would enjoy it because it is realistic and relative to most peoples lives. This book was definitely written for a mature audience that enjoys reading about real-life circumstances. This novel makes a wonderful movie that is both powerful and sorrowful. Timothy Hutton won an Oscar for his portrayal of Co nrad Jarrett. I would sure read this book again. There are so many hidden meanings and themes that I think one would discover new insights each reading. Ordinary People is humorous, entertaining, well written and very moving. Conrad is an accurate depiction of a teenager of that time. This story makes the reader appreciate life and realize that no matter how more he wants to escape his problems and feelings, he can not run away from himself.

The Real Rochester in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre :: Jane Eyre essays

The Real Rochester in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre John Wilmot, the second Earl of Rochester was one of the most infamous rakes from the Restoration period. While Wilmots debauched lifestyle was strong recorded, his deathbed conversion became even more popular. Through these early biographies and the poetry written by Wilmot, Charlotte Bronte became familiar with this historical figure. Bronte forgeed her character of Edward Rochester on Wilmot. There argon many instances in the novel Jane Eyre that link the two figures. In his essay John Wilmot and Mr. Rochester Murray Pittock establishes the link between Rochester and Wilmot. Pittock does such a thorough job of backing the claim that Rochester and Wilmot are related. However Pittock fails to explain why Charlotte Bronte chose to compare her Rochester to the historical Rochester. The key to understanding Brontes motivation in selecting John Wilmot as the model for Rochester lies in Wilmots deathbed confessional. By the end of his short life Wilmot repented his immoral lifestyle. After his death, Wilmot became the focus of a number of religious tracts publishing his deathbed conversion. It is this aspect of Wilmots career as the rake that intrigued Bronte. In Jane Eyre Charlotte Bronte not only establishes a connection between John Wilmot, the second Earl of Rochester, but she also golf links Rochesters reform to the reform of Wilmot. However, unlike Wilmots reform which occurs on his deathbed, Bronte allows her character to reform and continue his life. The similarities between John Wilmot and Edward Rochester go far beyond the traits associated with the rake. Charlotte Bronte uses name for her characters that link the two characters. Wilmots title as the Earl of Rochester directly relates to the name of Edward Rochester. John Wilmots grandfather had the name Sir John St. John (Pittock 464). Edward Rochesters important rival for Janes affection is St. John Rivers. Again the use of a name closely related to John Wilmot is remarkable. The repeated usage of names links the character of Edward Rochester with John Wilmot, the second Earl of Rochester. That Charlotte Bronte would have been familiar with the second Earl of Rochester is undeniable. In his Lives of the Poets, Samuel Johnson included a biography on Wilmot. That Bronte would have been familiar with Johnsons hold can be established in the references she makes to Johnsons novel Rasselas. Gilbert Burnet, a Scottish Bishop and famed historian, wrote Life and Death of John Rochester based on interviews he had with Wilmot on his deathbed.